Table 2.

Outcomes for Both Groups During the Trial^{^a}

↵^a STM=soft tissue massage, CI=confidence interval, VAS=visual analog scale, SPADI=Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, HBB=hand behind back.
^b A positive value indicated a difference between groups from the baseline assessment to 12 weeks after the cessation of treatment in favor of the group receiving STM and exercise.
^c A decrease during the trial indicated improvement.
^d Significant at α=.05.
^e An increase during the trial indicated improvement.