Tables
Univariable and Multivariable Association of “Red Flags” With Vertebral Fractures in Participants Aged >55 Years With Back Paina
↵a All data are presented as numbers unless stated otherwise; missing values ranged from 0% to 13%. OR=odds ratio, CI=confidence interval. Nagelkerke R2=20.3.
b Variables with a P value <.05 were included in the multivariable model.
c >90 days' use of inhalation or oral corticosteroids.
d Measured with the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (range=0–24)24; >17 was indicated severe disability.
Baseline Characteristics of Included Participants Aged >55 Yearsa
↵a All data are presented as number (%), unless stated otherwise. Missing values ranged from 0% to 12%.
b Hazardous drinking was measured with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) (range=0–12); ≥3 in women and ≥4 in men is considered risk of hazardous drinking.31,32
c Measured with a numeric rating scale as an average of the previous week (range=0–10); 0 indicates “no pain,” 10 indicates “worst pain imaginable.”
d Measured with the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (range=0–100); higher score indicates higher quality of life.25–27
e Measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (range=0–60); higher score indicates more prone to depression.28
f Measured with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (range=0–52); higher score indicates more risk for catastrophizing.29
g Measured with the Back Beliefs Questionnaire (range=9–49); higher score indicates more positive thoughts of recovery.30
h Oral or inhalation corticosteroid use for >90 days.
i Measured with heel bone densitometry.
j Measured with the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (range=0–24); 0 indicates no disability.24 A cutoff value of 17 was used to indicate severe disability.
Diagnostic Value (95% Confidence Interval) of “Red Flags” and Other Determinants for Vertebral Fractures (N=33) in Participants Aged >55 Years With Back Pain (N=669)a
↵a Missing values ranged from 0% to 8%. PV+=positive predictive value, PV−=negative predictive value, LR+=positive likelihood ratio, LR−=negative likelihood ratio. Prior probability=.05.
b Oral or inhalation corticosteroid use of >90 d.
c Measured with the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (range=0–24)24; >17 indicated severe disability.
d Included in the model: osteoporosis, age of ≥75 years, trauma, back pain intensity score of ≥7, and thoracic pain. Area under the curve=0.78 (range=0.69–0.87).
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